历史悠久的放血疗法
华盛顿之死
顺势疗法普遍使用“三级指数强度”。 赫尼曼发明出“百分位等级”或称“C 等级”,每个等级单位代表将某物质稀释一百倍。(另外亦有以小数为单为的强度指数(以“X”或“D”指示),疗剂以十倍为单位被稀释)。2C等级代表某物质先被稀释一百倍,然后将稀释溶液稀释再稀释一百倍,得出稀释一万倍的溶液。6C等级即重复此过程六次,得出稀释度为100^−6=10^−12(一万亿分之一,或 1/1,000,000,000,000)。更高的等级亦按照此方法行。于顺势疗法中,溶液愈稀释其强度愈高,物质愈稀释其作为疗剂的效用愈大。最终溶液经常被稀释到与溶剂(纯水,糖水或酒精)无分别的程度 (9)。
顺势疗法进入美国
Medical education in the 18th century consisted of formal lectures for a semester or two, followed by an apprenticeship with a practicing physician. No academic preparation was required, no written exams were mandatory. Students did not pay tuition. Instead, they bought tickets to each lecture. Since teaching hospitals did not exist, clinical training requirements were minimal.
顺势疗法流行全世界
Among US adults, 2.1% used homeopathy within the past 12 months. Respiratory and otorhinolaryngology complaints were most commonly treated (18.5%).
西方科学机构广泛批评顺势疗法
由于顺势疗法在欧美国家的重要地位,医学界也不得不做出大量研究。过去的几十年中至少有几百个不同的临床试验试图验证其有效性。结果无一例外地失败了。
Based on the assessment of the evidence of effectiveness of homeopathy, NHMRC concludes that there are no health conditions for which there is reliable evidence that homeopathy is effective. Homeopathy should not be used to treat health conditions that are chronic, serious, or could become serious. People who choose homeopathy may put their health at risk if they reject or delay treatments for which there is good evidence for safety and effectiveness. People who are considering whether to use homeopathy should first get advice from a registered health practitioner.* Those who use homeopathy should tell their health practitioner and should keep taking any prescribed treatments.
就是说“NHMRC认为顺势疗法对任何医疗状况都是无效的”,并且建议“顺势疗法不应用于治疗任何慢性,严重,可能恶化的状况”。由于NHMRC的严肃性,美国国立健康研究所也同样采用这一主张(20)。研究甚至发现顺势疗法的副作用都跟安慰剂一样(24)。
欧洲学院科学咨询委员会(European Academies of Science Advisory Council,EASAC)是一个跨政府,涵盖欧盟成员国和挪威,瑞士科学院的科学咨询委员会,在其网站的介绍中说(28):
EASAC brings together the National Academies of Science of the EU Member States, Norway and Switzerland to provide independent science-based advice on important challenges for Europe.
也就是说,这是整个欧洲最官方,最权威的科学机构。2017年,EASAC发布了措辞严厉的声明(29):
there is no robust, reproducible evidence that homeopathic products are effective for any known diseases, even if there is sometimes a placebo effect. Moreover, homeopathy can actually be harmful: by delaying or deterring a patient from seeking appropriate, evidence-based, medical attention and by undermining patient and public confidence in scientific evidence.
- 顺势疗法是把人作为一个整体来研究的个体化医疗。
- 现代的临床研究方法是无效的。
- 临床试验设计有缺陷,质量太低。
- 双盲对照不该成为唯一的有效性评判标准。
- 绝大多数研究违反顺势疗法的两个核心原则:同症相治,稀释强化(22,23)等等。
- 顺势疗法不治病,治的是整体的个人。
- 顺势疗法治疗初期有症状加重阶段,然后是症状转移阶段,不能用来做疗效评价。
- 对于严重的慢性病,需要不断调整的系列药物治疗。
- 慢性病患者对于治疗的反应时间不同,因此需要考虑不同的时间进行疗效评价。
- 顺势疗法在慢性病早期效果较好,治未病,而非治已病。
顺势疗法进入中国
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