Friday, October 15, 2010

美国儿童疫苗编外三:孕妇要不要打疫苗

孕妇由于情况特殊,因此使用疫苗也应该更加谨慎小心,需要仔细权衡利弊。简单写个帖子跟大家探讨一下孕妇的疫苗问题。

CDC真正推荐孕妇使用的疫苗其实只有一个,就是流感疫苗。此外,CDC常规建议孕妇考虑的疫苗有两个,乙肝和TD(Tetanus和Diphtheria)。在此基础上,出国旅行的孕妇建议考虑加两个疫苗脑膜炎和狂犬病。
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/preg-guide.htm

由于疫苗的种类我已经介绍过了,所以不再详细介绍。一般来说,除活疫苗之外,孕妇都可以安全使用。活疫苗由于至少在理论上有侵犯胎儿的可能,因此不建议在孕前一个月和孕期使用。美国的活疫苗包括:流感喷剂(注射剂是死病毒疫苗)、麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎(不是MMR,是单独的三种疫苗制剂)、BCG、牛痘病毒(Vaccinia)、黄热病(Yellow Fever)、水痘(Zoster)。这些疫苗使用的时候要小心。但是万一真的在孕前一个月或者孕期使用了这些疫苗也不用害怕,临床上并没有因为使用疫苗而引起的胎儿异常。

此外的疫苗包括灭活疫苗,毒素疫苗,共轭疫苗,蛋白疫苗等孕妇都可以安全使用。所以不一一说明了。只说说流感,乙肝和TD三个CDC推荐或者建议孕妇考虑的疫苗。

流感疫苗专文说明过了,有两种。一种是减毒活疫苗,一种是灭活疫苗。
减毒活疫苗(Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine [LAIV])是鼻喷剂,品牌名叫FluMist(http://www.flumist.com/)所以在引起身体产生保护性IgG抗体的基础上,还可以使呼吸道产生IgA抗体,对流感的预防更加有效和全面。但是由于是活疫苗孕妇不能使用(http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/nasalspray.htm)。
灭活疫苗(Inactivated )有两种制剂,一种是multi-dose的,一种是single-dose的。其中multi-dose的是一个大包装,一瓶疫苗suspend之后分别注射给几个人。这种包装是含有thimerasol的,就是说是含汞的。而single-dose的,是每个人的疫苗都是单独包装。由于打开后不需要继续保存,所以不含thimerasol,也不含汞。虽然这少量的汞不会影响胎儿,但是孕妇如果需要打疫苗,建议使用single-dose的制剂。一般在OB的诊所会有这样的制剂。而外面CVS,Walgreen等多是multi-dose的制剂。

乙肝疫苗由于是基因重组疫苗,通过在酵母菌中表达乙肝表面抗原蛋白作为免疫原,所以不含乙肝病毒,非常安全。孕妇在任何时候都可以安全使用。
以下情况CDC建议使用乙肝疫苗:
Pregnant women who are identified as being at risk for HBV infection during pregnancy (e.g., having more than one sex partner during the previous 6 months, been evaluated or treated for an STD, recent or current injection drug use, or having had an HBsAg-positive sex partner) should be vaccinated.

Td是毒素疫苗,是用破伤风和白喉毒素蛋白制作的。虽然临床上未发现疫苗毒素可以影响胎儿或者孕妇,但是由于是毒素,未安全起见,CDC建议孕前一个月和第一个trimester避免使用这个疫苗。以下情况建议考虑接种TD疫苗:
Pregnant women should receive Td vaccine if indicated. Previously vaccinated pregnant women who have not received a Td vaccination within the last 10 years should receive a booster dose.
Pregnant women who have not received three doses of a vaccine containing tetanus and diphtheria toxoids should complete a series of 3 vaccinations. Two doses of Td should be administered during pregnancy to ensure protection against maternal and neonatal tetanus. The preferred schedule in pregnant women is two doses of Td separated by 4 weeks, and a dose of Tdap 6 months after the second dose (post-partum). Healthcare providers can choose to substitute a single dose of Tdap for a dose of Td during pregnancy.
Although no evidence exists that tetanus and diphtheria toxoids are teratogenic, waiting until the second trimester of pregnancy to administer Td is a reasonable precaution for minimizing any concern about the theoretical possibility of such reactions.
Td有sanofi pasteur生产的DECAVAC(http://www.seacoastmedical.com/Forms/ProductInfo/Decavac.pdf)
和MassBiologics生产的Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed(http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=11182)
这两种制剂都不含汞。

孕妇使用疫苗后产生的抗体可以进入胎儿体内,提供前六个月的抗体保护。另外在孕期感染这些传染病对孕妇和胎儿也比普通人要危险很多。所以建议大家根据自己的情况选择合适疫苗接种。

对于准备怀孕的jms,建议先找好OB,咨询一下疫苗的要求,争取在怀孕前一个月完成所有疫苗注射,这样可以比较放心地开始怀孕,避免在孕早期因为疫苗问题着急担心。当然,流感疫苗在这一点上稍有特殊,一般到每年的8-9月才有疫苗供应,所以很多jms在怀孕前会错过流感疫苗。这不用太担心,建议如果需要可以在进入第二个trimester之后咨询OB,看是否需要接种。

此外,最近流行百日咳,所以有些jms会担心是否需要接种百日咳疫苗。由于美国没有单独的百日咳疫苗,所以只能选择接种DTaP。由于其中的DT是毒素疫苗,所以跟前面的Td一样,建议在第二个trimester之后接种。但是DTaP在孕妇中没有很多安全和有效性数据,所以如果选择请慎重考虑。CDC是这样建议的:
Pregnancy is not a contraindication for use of Tdap. Data on safety, immunogenicity and the outcomes of pregnancy are not available for pregnant women who receive Tdap.When Tdap is administered during pregnancy, transplacental maternal antibodies might protect the infant against pertussis in early life. They also could interfere with the infant's immune response to infant doses of DTaP, and leave the infant less well protected against pertussis.
ACIP recommends Td when tetanus and diphtheria protection is required during pregnancy. In some situations*, healthcare providers can choose to administer Tdap instead of Td to add protection against pertussis. When Td or Tdap is administered during pregnancy, the second or third trimester is preferred.
Providers who choose to administer Tdap to pregnant women should discuss the lack of data with the pregnant women and are encouraged to report Tdap administrations regardless of the trimester, to the appropriate manufacturer's pregnancy registry: for Boostrix® to GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals at 1-888-825-5249, or for Adacel®, to sanofi pasteur at 800-822-2463.
Situations with increased risk for pertussis: Healthcare providers can choose to administer Tdap instead of Td to protect against pertussis in pregnant adolescents for routine or "catch-up" vaccination because the incidence of pertussis is high among adolescents, in pregnant healthcare personnel and child care providers to prevent transmission to infants younger than 12 months of age and to other vulnerable persons, and in pregnant women employed in an institution or living in a community with increased pertussis activity.
总的意思就是孕妇可以安全使用DTaP,但是由于缺少数据不推荐使用。(http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/preg-guide.htm#tdap)但是其中一句提到,如果孕妇打了DTaP疫苗,孩子在两个月接种的DTaP疫苗受到母体中来的抗体影响,有可能会效果差一些。这一点也请大家注意。

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